CSS Text Decoration Module Level 4

1. Introduction

This subsection is non-normative.

This module covers text decoration, i.e. decorating the glyphs of the text once typeset according to font and typographic rules. (See [CSS-TEXT-3] and [CSS-FONTS-3].) Such features are traditionally used not only for purely decorative purposes, but also in some cases to show emphasis, for honorifics, and to indicate editorial changes such as insertions, deletions, and misspellings.

CSS Levels 1 and 2 only defined very basic line decorations (underlines, overlines, and strike-throughs) appropriate to Western typographical traditions. Level 3 of this module added the ability to change the color, style, position, and continuity of these decorations, and also introduced emphasis marks (traditionally used in East Asian typography), and shadows (which were proposed then deferred from Level 2). Level 4 introduces additional controls over these decorations.

1.1. Module Interactions

This module replaces and extends the text-decorating features defined in [CSS-TEXT-DECOR-3].

All of the properties in this module can be applied to the ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements.

1.2. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

1.3. Terminology

The terms typographic character unit (character), typographic letter unit (letter), and content language as used in this specification are defined in [CSS-TEXT-3]. Other terminology and concepts used in this specification are defined in [CSS2] and [CSS-WRITING-MODES-4].

2. Line Decoration: Underline, Overline, and Strike-Through

The following properties describe line decorations that are added to the content of an element. When specified on or propagated to an inline box, that box becomes a decorating box for that decoration, applying the decoration to all its box fragments. The decoration is then further propagated to any in-flow block-level boxes that split the inline (see CSS2.1 section 9.2.1.1). When specified on or propagated to a block container that establishes an inline formatting context, the decorations are propagated to an anonymous inline box that wraps all the in-flow inline-level children of the block container. When specified on or propagated to a ruby container, the decorations are propagated only to the ruby base. For all other box types, the decorations are propagated to all in-flow children.

Note that text decorations are not propagated to any out-of-flow descendants, nor to the contents of atomic inline-level descendants such as inline blocks and inline tables. They are also not propagated to inline children of inline boxes, although the decoration is applied to such boxes.

Underlines, overlines, and line-throughs are drawn only for non-replaced inline boxes, and are drawn across all text (including white space, letter spacing, and word spacing) except spacing (white space, letter spacing, and word spacing) at the beginning and end of a line. Atomic inlines, such as images and inline blocks, are not decorated. Margins, borders, and padding of the decorating box are always skipped, however the margins, border, and padding of descendant inline boxes are not.

Note that CSS 2.1 required skipping margins, borders, and padding always. In Level 3 and beyond, by default only the margins, borders, and padding of the decorating box are skipped. In the future CSS2.1 may be updated to match this new default.

Relatively positioning a descendant moves all text decorations applied to it along with the descendant’s text; it does not affect calculation of the decoration’s initial position on that line. The visibility property, text-shadow, filters, and other graphical transformations likewise also affect all text decorations applied to that box—including decorations propagated from an ancestor box—and do not affect the calculation of their initial positions or thicknesses. (In the case of line decorations drawn over an atomic inline or across the margins/borders/padding of a non-replaced inline box, they are analogously associated with the affected atomic inline / non-replaced inline box rather than with the decorating box.)

blockquote { text-decoration: underline; color: blue; }
em { display: block; }
cite { color: fuchsia; }

<blockquote>
 <p>
  <span>
   Help, help!
   <em> I am under a hat! </em>

   <cite> —GwieF </cite>
  </span>
 </p>
</blockquote>

div { color: black; font-size: 48px; text-decoration: underline; text-shadow: blue 0px 50px 0px; }
span { font-size: 20px; vertical-align: top; text-shadow: green 0px 100px 0px; }

<div>Help, help! <span>I am under a hat!</span></div>

Note: Line decorations are propagated through the box tree, not through inheritance, and thus have no effect on descendants when specified on an element with display: contents.

2.1. Text Decoration Lines: the text-decoration-line property

This property, which is a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, specifies what line decorations, if any, are added by the element. Values other than text-decoration-line cause the element to originate the indicated text decorations, and to apply and propagate it as described above.

Note: Unless it is desired for the color, style, and thickness of the lines to be set by declarations lower in the cascade, it is safer to use the text-decoration shorthand instead of this longhand.

Values have the following meanings:

none

Neither produces nor inhibits text decoration.

underline

Each line of text is underlined.

overline

Each line of text has a line over it (i.e. on the opposite side from an underline).

line-through

Each line of text has a line through the middle.

blink

The text blinks (alternates between visible and invisible). Conforming user agents may simply not blink the text. Note that not blinking the text is one technique to satisfy checkpoint 3.3 of WAI-UAAG. This value is deprecated in favor of Animations [CSS3-ANIMATIONS].

spelling-error

This value indicates the type of text decoration used by the user agent to highlight spelling mistakes. Its appearance is UA-defined, and may be platform-dependent. It is often rendered as a red wavy underline.

grammar-error

This value indicates the type of text decoration used by the user agent to highlight grammar mistakes. Its appearance is UA defined, and may be platform-dependent. It is often rendered as a green wavy underline.

Note: In vertical writing modes, text-underline-position can cause the underline and overline to switch sides. This allows the position of underlines to key off of language-specific preferences automatically.

Since spelling-error and grammar-error decorations are entirely UA-defined, the UA may disregard the other sub-properties of text-decoration, as well any other properties typically affecting the appearance of line decorations (such as text-underline-position, color, stroke, or fill) when rendering these decorations. However, to the extent that honoring any of these properties would be meaningful and practical given the UA’s chosen rendering, the UA should apply them as modifications to its default styling.

2.2. Text Decoration Style: the text-decoration-style property

This property, which is a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, sets the line-drawing style of underlines, overlines, and line-throughs specified on the element with text-decoration-line, and affects all decorations originating from this element even if descendant boxes specify a different style.

Values have the same meaning as for the border-style properties [CSS-BACKGROUNDS-3]. wavy indicates a wavy line.

2.3. Text Decoration Color: the text-decoration-color property

This property, which is a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, sets the color of underlines, overlines, and line-throughs specified on the element with text-decoration-line, and affects all decorations originating from this element even if descendant boxes specify a different color.

2.4. Text Decoration Line Thickness: the text-decoration-thickness property

This property, which is a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, sets the stroke thickness of underlines, overlines, and line-throughs specified on the element with text-decoration-line, and affects all decorations originating from this element even if descendant boxes specify a different thickness.

Values have the following meanings:

auto

The UA chooses an appropriate thickness for text decoration lines; see below.

from-font

If the first available font has metrics indicating a preferred underline width, use that width, otherwise behaves as auto.

<length>

Specifies the thickness of text decoration lines as a fixed length. The UA should round the actual value to the nearest integer device pixel, and ensure it is at least one device pixel.

Note: A length will inherit as a fixed value, and will not scale with the font.

<percentage>

Specifies the thickness of text decoration lines as a percentage of 1em. The UA should round the actual value to the nearest integer device pixel, and ensure it is at least one device pixel.

Note: A percentage will inherit as a relative value, and will therefore scale with changes in the font as it inherits.

2.4.1. Automatic Thickness of Text Decoration Lines

Some font formats (such as OpenType) can offer information about the appropriate thickness of a line decoration. The UA should use such font-based information when choosing auto line thicknesses wherever appropriate.

2.5. Determining the Position and Thickness of Line Decorations

This section is copied over from early drafts of Text Decoration Level 3. It is still under review, and needs integration with text-underline-offset and text-decoration-thickness.

Since line decorations can span elements with varying font sizes and vertical alignments, the best position for a line decoration is not necessarily the ideal position dictated by the decorating box. Instead, it’s calculated, per line, from all text decorated by the decorating box on that line, the considered text. However, descendants of the decorating box that are skipped due to text-decoration-skip, descendant inlines with text-decoration-skip: ink, and any descendants that do not participate in the decorating box’s inline formatting context are excluded from the set of considered text.

The line decoration positions are then calculated per line as follows (treating over-positioned underlines as over lines and under-positioned overlines as under lines):

over lines

Align the line decoration with respect to the highest over EM-box edge of the considered text.

alphabetic underlines

The alphabetic underline position is calculated by taking the ideal offset (from the alphabetic baseline) of each run of considered text, averaging those, and then using the lowest alphabetic baseline to actually position the line. (Alphabetic baselines can differ between baseline-aligned boxes if the dominant baseline is non-alphabetic.) To prevent superscripts and subscripts from throwing this position off-kilter, an inline with a non-initial computed vertical-align is treated as having the ideal underline position of its parent.

non-alphabetic under lines

Position the line decoration with respect to the lowest under EM-box edge of the considered text.

line-throughs

Line-throughs essentially use the same sort of averaging as for alphabetic underlines, but recompute the position when drawing across a descendant with a different computed font-size. (This ensures that the text remains effectively “crossed out” despite any font size changes.) For each run of considered text with the same font-size, compute an ideal position averaged from its font metrics. To prevent superscripts and subscripts from throwing this position off-kilter, an inline with a non-initial computed vertical-align is treated as having the ideal underline position of its parent. Position the portion of the line across each decorated fragment at that position.

For simplicity, line-throughs should draw over each element at that element’s preferred/averaged position. This can produce some undesirable jumpiness, but there doesn’t appear to be any way to avoid that which is correct in all instances, and all attempts are worryingly complex. What position should line-throughs adopt over elements that have a different font-size, but no considered text?

CSS does not define the thickness of line decorations. In determining the thickness of text decoration lines, user agents may consider the font sizes, faces, and weights of descendants to provide an appropriately averaged thickness.

2.6. Text Decoration Shorthand: the text-decoration property

This property is a shorthand for setting text-decoration-line, text-decoration-thickness, text-decoration-style, and text-decoration-color in one declaration. Omitted values are set to their initial values.

:link {
  color: blue;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration: navy dotted underline; /* Ignored in CSS1/CSS2 UAs */
}

Note: The shorthand purposefully omits the text-underline-position property, which is a language/writing-system–dependent setting that keys off the content, so that it can cascade and inherit independently from the (uninherited) stylistic settings of the text-decoration shorthand.

2.7. Text Underline Position: the text-underline-position property

This property, which is not a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, sets the position of an underline with respect to the text, and defines its zero position for further adjustment by text-underline-offset. It affects all decorations originating from this element, even if descendant boxes specify a different position. It does not affect underlines specified by ancestor elements.

:root:lang(ja), [lang|=ja], :root:lang(ko), [lang|=ko] { text-underline-position: under right; }
:root:lang(zh), [lang|=zh] { text-underline-position: under left; }

If left or right is specified alone, auto is also implied. Values have the following meanings:

auto

The user agent may use any algorithm to determine the underline’s position; however it must be placed at or under the alphabetic baseline.

Note: It is suggested that the default underline position be close to the alphabetic baseline, unless that would either cross subscripted (or otherwise lowered) text or draw over glyphs from Asian scripts such as Han or Tibetan for which an alphabetic underline is too high: in such cases, shifting the underline lower or aligning to the em box edge as described for under may be more appropriate.

A typical “alphabetic” underline is positioned just below the alphabetic baseline

from-font

If the first available font has metrics indicating a preferred underline offset, use that offset, otherwise behaves as auto.

under

The underline is positioned under the element’s text content. In this case the underline usually does not cross the descenders. (This is sometimes called “accounting” underline.) This value can be combined with left or right if a particular side is preferred in vertical typographic modes.

text-underline-position: under

Because text-underline-position inherits, and is not reset by the text-decoration shorthand, the following example switches the document to use under underlining, which can be more appropriate for writing systems with long, complicated descenders. It is also often useful for mathematical or chemical texts that use many subscripts.

:root { text-underline-position: under; }

Note: The under value does not guarantee that the underline will not conflict with glyphs, as some fonts have descenders or diacritics that extend below the font’s descent metrics.

left

In vertical typographic modes, the underline is aligned as for under, except it is always aligned to the left edge of the text. If this causes the underline to be drawn on the "over" side of the text, then an overline also switches sides and is drawn on the "under" side.

right

In vertical typographic modes, the underline is aligned as for under, except it is always aligned to the right edge of the text. If this causes the underline to be drawn on the "over" side of the text, then an overline also switches sides and is drawn on the "under" side.

left	right

In vertical typographic modes, the text-underline-position values left and right allow placing the underline on either side of the text. (In horizontal typographic modes, both values are treated as auto.)

2.8. Text Underline Offset: the text-underline-offset property

This property, which is not a sub-property of the text-decoration shorthand, sets the offset of underlines from their zero position. Positive offsets represent distances outward from the text; negative offsets inward. It affects all decorations originating from this element, even if descendant boxes specify a different position. It does not affect underlines specified by ancestor elements.

Values have the following meanings:

auto

The UA chooses an appropriate offset for underlines.

However, this offset must be zero if the computed value of text-underline-position is from-font and the UA was able to extract an appropriate metric to use from the font.

<length>

Specifies the offset of underlines as a fixed length.

Note: A length will inherit as a fixed value, and will not scale with the font.

<percentage>

Specifies the offset of underlines as a percentage of 1em.

Note: A percentage will inherit as a relative value, and will therefore scale with changes in the font as it inherits.

When the value of the text-decoration-line property is either spelling-error or grammar-error, the UA may ignore the value of text-underline-position.

2.8.1. Underline Offset Origin (Zero Position)

The zero position of the underline depends on the value of text-underline-position as detailed below.

The underline is aligned to the outside of the specified position (extending its thickness in the positive direction only).

Any automatic adjustments made to accommodate descendant content are maintained; the text-underline-offset is in addition to those.

2.8.2. Using Font Metrics for Automatic Positioning

Some font formats (such as OpenType) can offer information about the appropriate position of a line decoration. The UA should use such font-based information in its choice of auto offset wherever appropriate, and must use such information when from-font is specified for text-underline-position.

Note: Typically, OpenType font metrics give the position of an alphabetic underline; in some cases (especially in CJK fonts), it gives the position of a under left underline. (In this case, the font’s underline metrics typically touch the bottom edge of the em box). The UA may but is not required to correct for incorrect font metrics.

2.9. Text Decoration Line Uniformity

The exact position and thickness of line decorations depends on the values of text-underline-position, text-underline-offset, and text-decoration-thickness as defined above, and is otherwise UA-defined. However, for underlines and overlines the UA must use a single thickness and position on each line for the decorations deriving from a single decorating box.

vs.

Correct and incorrect rendering of <u>A<sup>B</sup><big>C</big>D</u>

Note, since line decorations can span elements with varying font sizes and vertical alignments, the best position for a line decoration is not necessarily the ideal position dictated by the decorating box. For example, an overline positioned to a small font will effectively become a line-through if the element contains text in a significantly larger font-size. Even for underlines, if the text is not aligned to the alphabetic baseline (for example, in vertical typesetting styles, text is aligned by its central baseline by default [CSS-WRITING-MODES-4]) an underline will cut through descendant text of a larger font-size. UA consideration of descendant content will therefore result in better typography.

Due to the central baseline alignment of vertical text, a left-side underline on small vertical text will cut through the text of a child with a larger font size. The underline is not allowed to be broken, but adjusting its position further to the left properly accommodates all of the underlined text.

UAs must adjust line positions to match the shifted metrics of decorating boxes shifted with vertical-align values other than baseline [CSS2] or subscripted/superscripted via font-variant-position [CSS-FONTS-3], but must not adjust the line position or thickness in response to descendants of a decorating box that are so styled (even though it may adjust the position to accommodate descendants that are not so styled, such as those merely typeset in a different font size as noted above). This allows superscripts and subscripts to be properly decorated (underlined, struck through, etc.) but prevents them from distorting or breaking the positioning of such decorations on their ancestors.

Example of underline applied to superscripted text vs. underline applied to text containing a superscript

2.9.1. Text Decoration Line Trimming and Extension: the text-decoration-trim property

This property adjusts the start and end points of line decorations, allowing the author to shorten, lengthen, or shift the decoration with respect to the text. It controls all text decoration lines drawn by this decorating box, but not any text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors. If two component values are given, the first applies to the start and the second to the end. Values have the following meanings:

<length>

Inset (positive) or outset (negative) the start/end of the affected line decorations.

The following example offsets an extra thick underline 1em endwards with respect to the text

h1 {
  text-decoration: underline 0.3em rgba(36,148,187,0.25);
  text-decoration-trim: 1em -1em;
}

auto

The UA chooses a trim amount that ensures that if two identical underlined elements appear side-by-side they do not appear to have a single underline. (This is important in Chinese, where underlining is a form of punctuation.)

text-decoration-skip-inset: auto for <u>石井</u><u>艾俐俐</u>

Text decoration trimming is subject to box-decoration-break:

• for slice (the default) trimming is only applied to the start edge of the first fragment and the end edge of the last fragment, and may accumulate to other fragments if the amount of the trim is more than the length of the fragment. Percentages are relative to the total length of the decorating box.

• for clone trimming is applied to each fragment independently.

2.10. Text Decoration Line Continuity: the text-decoration-skip shorthand and its sub-properties

The CSSWG resolved to be split skipping functionality into individual properties along the lines of text-decoration-skip-ink, to improve its cascading behavior. See discussion and resolution. This section is a rough draft and has not yet been vetted by the CSSWG

The text-decoration-skip property and its sub-properties (text-decoration-skip-self, text-decoration-skip-box, text-decoration-skip-inset, text-decoration-skip-spaces, text-decoration-skip-ink) control interruptions in line decorations for which the element or an ancestor is the decorating box. The none value sets all sub-properties to none, and the auto value sets all sub-properties to their initial values.

Is this none definition Web-compatible? Do we also need to add an ink value for Web-compat?

Note that these properties inherit and that descendant elements can have a different setting.

The following addition is made to the default UA stylesheet for HTML:

ins, del { text-decoration-skip: none; }

When the value of the text-decoration-line property is either spelling-error or grammar-error, the UA may ignore any or all of these properties.

2.10.1. Skipping Spaces: the text-decoration-skip-self property

This property specifies whether any text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors are propagated to or drawn across the element. Values have the following meanings:

auto

Skip this element (its entire margin box) if it is an atomic inline (such as an image or inline-block).

skip-all

Skip this element (its entire margin box) unconditionally. Don’t draw across it, don’t propagate to it.

skip-underline

Skip this element (its entire margin box) unconditionally when drawing ancestor underlines.

skip-overline

Skip this element (its entire margin box) unconditionally when drawing ancestor overlines.

skip-line-through

Skip this element (its entire margin box) unconditionally when drawing ancestor line-throughs.

no-skip

Line decorations from ancestor decorating boxes are applied to this box unconditionally: drawn across it as if it were text if it is an atomic inline, or propagated to it according to the usual rules if it is not.

Note: The no-skip value is provided to treat images as text when that is necessary, for example when representing glyphs that are not encoded in Unicode.

The skip-all keyword computes to skip-underline skip-overline skip-line-through. Note, however, that this combination will serialize as skip-all (shortest serialization).

2.10.2. Skipping Spaces: the text-decoration-skip-box property

The CSSWG resolved to split text-decoration-skip into sub-properties, but this value set has not yet been vetted by the CSSWG.

This property specifies what parts of the element’s box area any text decoration affecting the element must skip over. It controls only text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors. Values have the following meanings:

none

Skip nothing: line decorations from ancestor decorating boxes are drawn from margin edge to margin edge.

all

When drawing text decoration lines applied to an ancestor decorating box, skip over the box’s own margin, border, and padding areas and only draw line decorations within its content area.

This value only has an effect for decorations imposed by an ancestor; a decorating box never draws over its own box decoration.

2.10.3. Skipping Spaces: the text-decoration-skip-spaces property

Should the initial value be none for Web-compat? If not, INS and DEL at least should be assigned none in the UA default stylesheet. See also Issue 4653.

This property specifies whether text decoration skips any spaces. It controls all text decoration lines drawn by the element and also any text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors. Values have the following meanings:

none

Spacers are not skipped. They are decorated just like any other character.

all

Skip all spacers and all word separators plus any adjacent letter-spacing or word-spacing.

start

Skip all spacers, plus any adjacent letter-spacing or word-spacing, when located at the start of the line.

end

Skip all spacers, plus any adjacent letter-spacing or word-spacing, when located at the end of the line.

For the purpose of this property, a spacer is any typographic character unit from Unicode General Category Zs except U+202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE.

2.10.4. Skipping Glyphs: the text-decoration-skip-ink property

This property controls how overlines and underlines are drawn when they cross over a glyph. It affects all decorations originating from this element even if descendant boxes specify a different style.

When enabled, decoration lines skip over where glyphs are drawn: interrupt the decoration line to let the shape of the text show through where the text decoration would otherwise cross over a glyph. The UA must also skip a small distance to either side of the glyph outline.

Skipping Glyph Ink

This property only applies to overlines and underlines; line-throughs are always continuous.

auto

UAs may interrupt underlines and overlines where the line would cross glyph ink and to some distance to either side of the glyph outline. UAs should consider the script of the text (see note below) when determining whether to apply ink-skipping behavior to a given range of content.

all

UAs must interrupt underlines and overlines where the line would cross glyph ink and to some distance to either side of the glyph outline.

none

UA must draw continuous underlines and overlines, without interruptions when they cross over a glyph.

2.10.5. Shaping Interruptions

When the UA interrupts underlines or overlines at glyph boundaries, the shape of the line at that boundary should follow the shape of the glyph.

Note, this specification intentionally does not mandate a particular method for “following the shape” of the glyph so that UAs can take appropriate measures to handle aesthetic and performance considerations. For example, a UA could assume square line endings below a certain size threshold for performance reasons; or use trapezoidal endings to approximate curves, especially on thinner line decorations. In terms of aesthetic considerations, the UA might also consider what happens when the glyph boundary intersects only part of the line thickness or is slanted close to the horizontal—following the curve exactly could result in typographically-awkward wisps of underline. Whether to show the line within enclosed areas of a glyph is yet another consideration.

Hiding the portion of the underline within the bowl gives a cleaner look to the type, while the curved ends of the underline outside it suggest the continuity of the underline through the letter by hugging its outer contour.

3. Additional Controls for Emphasis Marks

East Asian documents traditionally use small symbols next to each glyph to emphasize a run of text. For example:

Accent emphasis (shown in blue for clarity) applied to Japanese text

The text-emphasis shorthand, and its text-emphasis-style and text-emphasis-color longhands, can be used to apply such marks to the text. The text-emphasis-position property, which inherits separately, allows setting the emphasis marks’ position with respect to the text.

See also issue about continuity in size/position.

3.1. Emphasis Mark Style: the text-emphasis-style property

This property applies emphasis marks to the element’s text. Values have the following meanings:

none

No emphasis marks.

filled

The shape is filled with solid color.

open

The shape is hollow.

dot

Display small circles as marks. The filled dot is U+2022 '•', and the open dot is U+25E6 '◦'.

circle

Display large circles as marks. The filled circle is U+25CF '●', and the open circle is U+25CB '○'.

double-circle

Display double circles as marks. The filled double-circle is U+25C9 '◉', and the open double-circle is U+25CE '◎'.

triangle

Display triangles as marks. The filled triangle is U+25B2 '▲', and the open triangle is U+25B3 '△'.

sesame

Display sesames as marks. The filled sesame is U+FE45 '﹅', and the open sesame is U+FE46 '﹆'.

<string>

Display the given string as marks. Authors should not specify more than one character in <string>. The UA may truncate or ignore strings consisting of more than one grapheme cluster.

If a shape keyword is specified but neither of filled nor open is specified, filled is assumed. If only filled or open is specified, the shape keyword computes to circle in horizontal typographic modes and sesame in vertical typographic modes.

The marks should be drawn using the element’s font settings with the addition of the ruby feature and the size scaled down 50%. However, since not all fonts have all these glyphs, and some fonts use inappropriate sizes for emphasis marks in these code points, the UA may opt to use a font known to be good for emphasis marks, or the marks may instead be synthesized by the UA. Marks must remain upright in vertical typographic modes: like CJK characters, they do not rotate to match the writing mode. The orientation of marks in horizontal typographic modes of vertical writing modes is undefined in this level (but may be defined in a future level if definitive use cases arise).

Note: One example of good fonts for emphasis marks is Adobe’s open source Kenten Generic OpenType Font, which is specially designed for the emphasis marks.

The marks are drawn once for each typographic character unit. However, emphasis marks are not drawn for:

• Word separators or other characters that belong to the Unicode separator classes (Z*). (But note that emphasis marks are drawn for a space that combines with any combining characters.)
• Punctuation--specifically, any characters that belong to the Unicode P* general category and do not NFKD normalize [UAX15] to any of the following symbols:

  #	U+0023	NUMBER SIGN
  %	U+0025	PERCENT SIGN
  ‰	U+2030	PER MILLE SIGN
  ‱	U+2031	PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN
  ٪	U+066A	ARABIC PERCENT SIGN
  ؉	U+0609	ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN
  ؊	U+060A	ARABIC-INDIC PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN
  &	U+0026	AMPERSAND
  ⁊	U+204A	TIRONIAN SIGN ET
  @	U+0040	COMMERCIAL AT
  §	U+00A7	SECTION SIGN
  ¶	U+00B6	PILCROW SIGN
  ⁋	U+204B	REVERSED PILCROW SIGN
  ⁓	U+2053	SWUNG DASH
  〽	U+303D	PART ALTERNATION MARK

• Characters belonging to the Unicode classes for control codes and unassigned characters (Cc, Cf, Cn).

Note: Control over which characters are marked will be added in Level 4. (The list of punctuation may also be further refined, particularly for non-CJK punctuation.)

3.2. Emphasis Mark Color: the text-emphasis-color property

This property specifies the foreground color of the emphasis marks.

Note: currentcolor keyword computes to itself and is resolved to the value of color after inheritance is performed. This means text-emphasis-color by default matches the text color even as color changes across elements.

3.3. Emphasis Mark Shorthand: the text-emphasis property

This property is a shorthand for setting text-emphasis-style and text-emphasis-color in one declaration. Omitted values are set to their initial values.

Note that text-emphasis-position is not reset in this shorthand. This is because typically the shape and color vary, but the position is consistent for a particular language throughout the document. Therefore the position should inherit independently.

3.4. Emphasis Mark Position: the text-emphasis-position property

This property describes where emphasis marks are drawn at. If [ right | left ] is omitted, it defaults to right. The values have following meanings:

over

Draw marks over the text in horizontal typographic modes.

under

Draw marks under the text in horizontal typographic modes.

right

Draw marks to the right of the text in vertical typographic modes.

left

Draw marks to the left of the text in vertical typographic modes.

Emphasis marks are drawn exactly as if each character was assigned the mark as its ruby annotation text with the ruby position given by text-emphasis-position and the ruby alignment as centered. Note that this position may be adjusted if it would conflict with underline or overline decorations.

The effect of emphasis marks on the line height is the same as for ruby text.

Note, the preferred position of emphasis marks depends on the language. In Japanese for example, the preferred position is over right. In Chinese, on the other hand, the preferred position is under right. The informative table below summarizes the preferred emphasis mark positions for Chinese and Japanese:

Preferred emphasis mark and ruby position

Language	Preferred position		Illustration
	Horizontal	Vertical
Japanese	over	right
Korean
Mongolian
Chinese	under	right

If emphasis marks are applied to characters for which ruby is drawn in the same position as the emphasis mark, the emphasis marks are placed outside the ruby. This includes auto-hidden and empty ruby annotations.

Emphasis marks applied to 4 characters, with ruby also on 2 of them

ruby { text-emphasis: none; }

em { text-emphasis: dot; } /* Set text-emphasis for <em> elements */
em rt { display: none; }   /* Hide ruby inside <em> elements */

3.5. Emphasis Mark Skip: the text-emphasis-skip property

This section is under brainstorming. It’s also not yet clear if this property is needed quite yet, despite differences in desired behavior among publications.

This property describes for which characters marks are drawn. The values have following meanings:

spaces

Skip word separators or other characters belonging to the Unicode separator category (Z*). (But note that emphasis marks are drawn for a space that combines with any combining characters.)

punctuation

Skip punctuation. Punctuation in this definition includes characters belonging to the Unicode P* category that are not defined as symbols (see below).

symbols

Skip symbols. Symbols in this definition includes all typographic character units belonging to the Unicode S* general category as well as any which are NFKD-equivalent [UAX15] to the following characters from the Unicode Po category:

#	U+0023	NUMBER SIGN
%	U+0025	PERCENT SIGN
‰	U+2030	PER MILLE SIGN
‱	U+2031	PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN
٪	U+066A	ARABIC PERCENT SIGN
؉	U+0609	ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN
؊	U+060A	ARABIC-INDIC PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN
&	U+0026	AMPERSAND
⁊	U+204A	TIRONIAN SIGN E[[
@	U+0040	COMMERCIAL AT
§	U+00A7	SECTION SIGN
¶	U+00B6	PILCROW SIGN
⁋	U+204B	REVERSED PILCROW SIGN
⁓	U+2053	SWUNG DASH
〽️	U+303D	PART ALTERNATION MARK

narrow

Skip characters where the East_Asian_Width property [UAX11] of the Unicode database [UAX44] is not F (Fullwidth) or W (Wide).

Characters belonging to the Unicode classes for control codes and unassigned characters (Cc, Cf, Cn) are skipped regardless of the value of this property.

This syntax requires UA to implement drawing marks for spaces. Is there any use case for doing so? If not, should we modify the syntax not to allow drawing marks for spaces?

See also discussion of the initial value.

4. Text Shadows: the text-shadow property

This property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to be applied to the text of the element. Values are interpreted as for box-shadow [CSS-BACKGROUNDS-3]. Each layer shadows the element’s text and all its text decorations (composited together). The shadow effects are applied front-to-back: the first shadow is on top. The shadows may thus overlay each other.

Unlike box-shadow, the spread distance is strictly interpreted as outset distance from any point of the glyph outline, and therefore, similar to the blur radius, creates rounded, rather than sharp, corners. Negative spread values are invalid.

Leave corner shaping undefined? [Issue #7250]

Outer text shadows (specified without the inset keyword) shadow the text—including any text stroke [FILL-STROKE-3]—as if it were cut and raised above the surrounding canvas. Unlike box-shadow, outer text shadows are not clipped to the shadowed shape and may show through if the text is partially-transparent.

Inner text shadows (specified with the inset keyword) shadow the canvas—and any text stroke [FILL-STROKE-3]—as if the text were cut and dropped below the surrounding canvas. They are therefore only drawn within the inner edge of the stroke.

Outer text shadows must be painted at a stack level between the element’s border/background (if present) and the elements text and text decoration. Inner text shadows must be painted over the text and its decorations. UAs should avoid painting text shadows over text in adjacent elements belonging to the same stack level and stacking context. (This may mean that the exact stack level of the shadows depends on whether the element has a border or background: the exact stacking behavior of text shadows is thus UA-defined.)

Stacking relationship to stroke? [Issue #7251]

Like box-shadow, text shadows do not influence layout, and do not trigger scrolling or increase the size of the scrollable overflow region.

The text-shadow property applies to both the ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements.

5. Painting Text Decorations

5.1. Painting Order of Text Decorations

As in [CSS2], text decorations are drawn immediately over/under the text they decorate, in the following order (bottommost first):

• shadows (text-shadow)
• underlines (text-decoration)
• overlines (text-decoration)
• text
• emphasis marks (text-emphasis)
• line-through (text-decoration)

Where line decorations are drawn across box decorations or atomic inlines, they are drawn over non-positioned content and just below any positioned descendants (immediately below layer #8 in CSS2.1 Appendix E).

5.2. Overflow of Text Decorations

Text decorations that leak outside a box are considered ink overflow: they do not extend the scrollable overflow region. [css-overflow-3]

Appendix A: Acknowledgements

This specification would not have been possible without the help from: Ayman Aldahleh, Bert Bos, Tantek Çelik, Stephen Deach, John Daggett, Martin Dürst, Laurie Anna Edlund, Ben Errez, Yaniv Feinberg, Arye Gittelman, Ian Hickson, Martin Heijdra, Richard Ishida, Masayasu Ishikawa, Michael Jochimsen, Eric LeVine, Ambrose Li, Håkon Wium Lie, Chris Lilley, Ken Lunde, Nat McCully, Shinyu Murakami, Paul Nelson, Chris Pratley, Marcin Sawicki, Arnold Schrijver, Rahul Sonnad, Michel Suignard, Takao Suzuki, Frank Tang, Chris Thrasher, Etan Wexler, Chris Wilson, Masafumi Yabe and Steve Zilles.

Appendix B: Default UA Stylesheet

This appendix is informative, and is to help UA developers to implement default stylesheet, but UA developers are free to ignore or change.

/* typical styling of HTML */
blink {
  text-decoration-line: blink;
}
s, strike, del {
  text-decoration: line-through;
}
u, ins, :link, :visited {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
abbr[title], acronym[title] {
  text-decoration: dotted underline;
}

/* disable inheritance of text-emphasis marks to ruby text:
  emphasis marks should only apply to base text */
rt { text-emphasis: none; }

/* set language-appropriate default emphasis mark position */
:root:lang(zh), [lang|=zh] { text-emphasis-position: under right; }
[lang|=ja], [lang|=ko]     { text-emphasis-position: over right; }

/* set language-appropriate default underline position */
:root:lang(ja), [lang|=ja],
:root:lang(mn), [lang|=mn],
:root:lang(ko), [lang|=ko] { text-underline-position: right; }
:root:lang(zh), [lang|=zh] { text-underline-position: left;  }
/* auto is chosen (implied) above instead of under
   due to content-compatibility concerns */

If you find any issues, recommendations to add, or corrections, please send the information to www-style@w3.org with [css-text-decor] in the subject line.

@keyframes blink {
  0% {
    visibility: hidden;
    animation-timing-function: step-end;
  }
  25%, 100% {
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
blink {
  animation: blink 1s infinite;
}

Appendix C: Changes

Changes since the r May 2022 Working Draft

Significant changes since the 4 May 2022 Working Draft:

• Redesigned text-decoration-skip-self. (Issue 2885)
• Replaced text-decoration-skip-edges with text-decoration-trim. (Issue 4557)
• Redefined spacers for text-decoration-skip-spaces to reference Unicode General Category Zs and to only additionally include word separators when skipping all spaces. (Issue 5249)
• Miscellaneous minor clarifications.

Changes since the 6 May 2020 Working Draft

Significant changes since the 6 May 2020 Working Draft:

• Added spread distance and inset to text-shadow. (Issue 6074, Issue 6971)
• Clarified that text-decoration-skip-ink affects only decorations initiated by the element. (Issue 2817)
• Explicitly noted properties applying to text in “Applies to” line. (Issue 5303)

Additions Since Level 3

The following features have been added since Level 3:

• Added spelling-error and grammar-error values to text-decoration-line.
• Added text-decoration-thickness and text-underline-offset properties.
• Added from-font value to text-underline-position.
• Drafted text-decoration-skip property and its longhands.
• Drafted text-emphasis-skip property.
• Added spread distance and inset to text-shadow.

6. Privacy and Security Considerations

This specification introduces no new privacy or security considerations.